Transportation punishment, also known as exile or banishment, refers to the act of forcing an individual to leave a particular geographic area or region. This type of punishment has been used throughout history as a way to deal with criminals, political dissidents, and other individuals considered undesirable by the ruling authorities.
One of the earliest examples of transportation punishment can be found in ancient Rome, where individuals convicted of certain crimes were forced to leave the city and relocate to an island or colony. This punishment was seen as an alternative to execution or imprisonment, as it allowed the offender to start a new life and potentially reform their ways.
In modern times, transportation punishment is less common, but it is still used in certain circumstances. For example, some countries have laws that allow for the deportation of non-citizens who have committed crimes. In these cases, the individual is forcibly removed from the country and returned to their home nation.
There are a number of arguments for and against the use of transportation punishment. On the one hand, proponents of this punishment argue that it serves as an effective deterrent for crime, as individuals are less likely to engage in illegal activity if they know they could be exiled as a result. Additionally, transportation punishment can also be seen as a more humane alternative to imprisonment, as it allows the offender to start over in a new location rather than being locked up in a cell.
However, there are also several criticisms of transportation punishment. One concern is that it can be used as a tool of oppression by governments or other authorities to silence dissent or punish individuals for political reasons. There is also the issue of reintegration, as individuals who are exiled may struggle to adjust to life in a new location and may face challenges finding work or building a new support system.
In conclusion, transportation punishment has been used throughout history as a way to deal with criminals and other undesirable individuals. While it may serve as an effective deterrent for crime and can be seen as a more humane alternative to imprisonment, it also carries the risk of being used as a tool of oppression and can create challenges for those who are exiled in terms of reintegration into a new community.
England And Penal Transportation To America History Essay
Most were common thieves called "sneaksmen" from London and other British cities. In 1665, a shipping embargo was lifted specifically to allow the transportation of 124 Quakers from Newgate Gaol to Jamaica, Barbados and Nevis in the West Indies. It is important to appreciate the timeline within which transportation was available as a criminal sentence in England. Transportation helped Britain to claim Australia for their empire. Most of these convicts landed and were settled along the Potomac and Rappahannock rivers. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Oxford University Press. I am a writer, I particularly love local history but write about many things.
Once again, transportation was viewed as the ideal answer to the question of disposal of criminals. Why were convicts sent to Australia, how did they get there, and how did this practice eventually end? Therefore a penal colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners by placing them in a remote location far from the general population, often an island or distant colonial territory. These institutions quickly acquired the desired reputation as places of dread, consistent with the domestic notions of punishment and a restrictive existence for their convicts advocated by Bigge and endorsed by influential forces in England. Regarding its original purpose as a deterrent, conditions in impoverished areas were often so dire that Australia came to be seen as a more desirable place to live. Indeed, over ten times the annual average of convicts previously sent to the settlements in Burma and the Straits Settlements were received in the Andamans in those years.
The young men would be supplied with some food and tools and would be monitored by the tribe. Covers the period 1850-1869. During his five years as commandant, he discharged almost a thousand convicts. Before committing her career to the struggle for justice, Bianca worked as a financial analyst at Citigroup and Morgan Stanley. Two major works have been written specifically about transportation after 1718. The most compelling counterbalance to the critics of transportation is a combination of pragmatic effects. Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment, Cullompton: Willan.
Some of the Luddites, Rebecca Rioters and the Tolpuddle Martyrs were transported. Penal transportation was also used as a method of colonization. Crime and Punishment: Transportation. The Virginia Gazette reported on the trials at the Old Bailey for its readers who would soon be host to felons from London and district, and the Maryland Gazette kept its readers apprised of events in Bristol and the West Counties from whence came the majority of their transported felons. In addition, the government assigned newly arrived convicts to them to help work the land. Nor are they more than a fraction of the 1.
Full article: Transnational Histories of Penal Transportation: Punishment, Labour and Governance in the British Imperial World, 1788
The twin Georgian era motivation to rid Britain of its criminals through banishment correspondingly populated a geopolitically strategic south Pacific colony. Finally, I show that despite the separate nature of the flows from and between metropolitan Britain, Ireland and the colonies, and across British Asia , contemporaries made important connections between them, including with respect to convict management practices. Reports of the careers of transported criminals moved back and forth across the Atlantic. Reformers like Maconochie published reports critical of how the transported convicts were treated. She holds a BS in Criminal Justice, an MA in Emergency Management and Homeland Security, and is currently pursuing a Ph. The Australian penal colony experience is given primacy in this paper due to its extent and the various social forces that influenced its course between the sailing of the First Fleet to Australia in 1787 and the end of transportation sentences in the British criminal justice system to New South Wales after 1840.
Where did transportation as punishment originated?
The youngest criminal was a 9-year-old boy who had stolen some clothes and a pistol. Some of the latter were courts martialled European soldiers; others were of Indigenous, African or Asian descent. Year West Indies a Mauritius 1834—39 406 25,468 1843 — 31,258 1844 — 14,152 1845 1,302 10,285 1846 8,320 6,789 1847 7,992 5,729 1848 4,179 5,303 1849 — 7,282 1850 — 9,823 1851 690 9,295 1852 4,114 16,796 1853 4,111 12,144 1854 2,615 18,516 1855 2,633 12,915 1856 1,887 12,854 1857 4,293 12,725 1858 3,850 29,946 1859 8,017 44,397 1860 8,505 13,286 1861 8,393 13,985 1862 10,934 9,893 aPrincipally Jamaica, Trinidad and British Guiana. It is not clear from the records as to whether the pardon was given prior to the acceptance of transportation by the felon or after. Victoria Maxwell is a current academic and former corrections officer.
Abbott Emerson Smith wrote Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607-1775 which includes a substantial section on the early period. Deterrence may or may not have been a result of transportation in the later years of the seventeenth century, but by then getting rid of criminals from England was more important. With so many crimes carrying the death penalty, the British justice system faced moral and logistical dilemmas. The cases and secondary authorities cited in support of the propositions advanced here are not submitted not as exhaustive but as illustrative of the points advanced. From there, he went to the continent and set himself up in Rotterdam where he edited an edition of Virgil. In 1789, shortly after the governor-general of Bengal had ordered the first convict transportations to Penang, the presidency banned slave exports.
For the three years it was in force, the legislation, aimed primarily at the new sect of the Society of Friends or Quakers, proscribed any religious gathering of more than five people which was not in accordance with the liturgy of the Church of England. The Mark System, Framed to Mix Persuasion with Punishment, and Make Their Effect Improving, Yet Their Operation Severe London: J. Not only was it hard to prevent immigrants from deserting their work, he stated, but convicts were more accustomed to working in gangs, and their labour was far more skilled. Retrieved 8 May 2021. Potential migrants viewed the prospect of overseas indenture not as the new system of slavery lamented by British opponents of it, but through the lens of what they knew about penal transportation.
Added to the urban influx of formerly rural residents were Irish immigrants and hundreds of demobilized military and naval personnel back from the French and Spanish wars also looking for work in a shrinking labour market. Comparative data on the transportation of convict women is also suggestive of the nature of imperial strategic desires — alternatively to create a mobile labour force or to encourage permanent settlement. New British prisons, patterned after American penitentiaries, made the costly transportation of convicts halfway around the world less attractive to the government. Men, women, and children were sentenced to transportation, but its implementation varied by sex and age. The notion of banishment implicit in a transportation sentence was clearly tempered by a desire on the part of English authorities to have healthy and contributing persons in the colony. In this way, pan-imperial convict history can be brought to bear on questions of criminal justice, labour management, and the repression of resistance and revolt. Her investigative reporting on the criminal justice system has appeared in the New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, USA Today and elsewhere.
