Irony is a literary device that involves a contrast or discrepancy between what is expected or intended and what actually occurs. In Arthur Miller's play "Death of a Salesman," irony is used to highlight the discrepancies between the main character's perceptions and reality, as well as to underscore the tragic nature of his life.
Willie Loman, the main character, is a salesman who has always dreamed of achieving success and financial stability. However, despite his hard work and dedication, he never seems to catch a break. He is passed over for promotions and struggles to make ends meet, causing him to feel disillusioned and bitter.
One example of irony in the play is the fact that Willie is a salesman, yet he is unable to sell himself. He has always believed that being well-liked and having a good personality are the keys to success, but he fails to realize that these qualities alone are not enough. In his mind, he is a success because he has worked hard and tried his best, but in reality, he has not achieved the level of success he had hoped for.
Another ironic element of the play is the fact that Willie's sons, Biff and Happy, are supposed to be his pride and joy, yet they are a source of disappointment for him. Biff, in particular, is a constant disappointment to Willie, as he is unable to live up to his father's expectations and achieve the level of success that Willie desires for him.
The final irony of the play occurs at the end, when Willie's brother Ben reveals that he has made a fortune in diamonds. Willie has always believed that success comes from hard work and determination, but Ben's sudden wealth shows that luck and circumstances can also play a significant role in one's success.
Overall, the irony in "Death of a Salesman" serves to underscore the tragic nature of Willie's life and highlight the discrepancies between his perceptions and reality. It is a poignant reminder of the fleeting nature of success and the importance of being able to accept and come to terms with one's limitations.