Channels of technology transfer. What Are The Channels Of Technology Transfer? 2022-10-14
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Technology transfer, also known as knowledge transfer or innovation transfer, refers to the process of transferring knowledge, skills, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing, and facilities among organizations or countries. The transfer of technology can take place through various channels, which can be categorized into formal and informal channels.
Formal channels of technology transfer include licensing, joint ventures, strategic alliances, and foreign direct investment (FDI). Licensing refers to the process of granting permission to use a patented technology or trademark in exchange for royalties or fees. Joint ventures involve the creation of a new business entity by two or more organizations, which can share resources, expertise, and profits. Strategic alliances refer to the collaboration between organizations for a specific project or a long-term partnership, without the creation of a new business entity. Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves the acquisition of a local company or the establishment of a new business in a foreign country by an organization.
Informal channels of technology transfer include employee mobility, informal networks, and international trade. Employee mobility refers to the movement of employees from one organization to another, leading to the transfer of knowledge and skills. Informal networks refer to the personal relationships and connections that individuals or organizations have with each other, which can facilitate the exchange of ideas and information. International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries, which can also involve the transfer of technology through the export and import of technologically advanced products.
There are several factors that influence the choice of the channel for technology transfer. These include the nature of the technology being transferred, the objectives of the transferring and receiving organizations, and the legal and regulatory framework of the country. For example, licensing may be a suitable option for transferring a patented technology, while joint ventures may be a suitable option for transferring a complex technology that requires significant resources and expertise.
In conclusion, technology transfer plays a crucial role in the development and growth of organizations and countries. The transfer of technology can take place through various channels, including formal channels such as licensing, joint ventures, strategic alliances, and foreign direct investment, as well as informal channels such as employee mobility, informal networks, and international trade. The choice of the channel for technology transfer depends on several factors, including the nature of the technology being transferred, the objectives of the transferring and receiving organizations, and the legal and regulatory framework of the country.
4 Most Important Channels of Technology Transfer in International Technology Environment
The patents remain the property of the licensor. The adoption of different channels and processes are also shaped by the organizational features of the sources and recipients and a fundamental role was played by fields of science which reflected differences in the demand for knowledge and technology for innovation. Due to the massive demand for new technological backgrounds, a technology transfer specialist becomes a promising career, a career that both startups as entrepreneurs and fresh graduates can pursue. As a result of the potential complexity of the technology transfer process, technology transfer organizations are often multidisciplinary, including economists, engineers, lawyers, marketers and scientists. The most palpable example is perhaps Google. Many of the newly industrialised countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia and China are also involved in outward FDI, showing a successful build-up of their technological capabilities.
In addition to AUTM, other regional and international associations include the Association of European Science and Technology Transfer Professionals ASTP , the They promote cooperation in technology transfer and the exchange of best practices and experiences among professionals, as today international technology transfer is considered one of the most effective ways to bring people together to find solutions to global problems such as COVID-19, climate change or cyber-attacks. What Is Technology Transfer Example? Physical Distribution: The physical way in which a publisher distribution their content is through the printing and distribution of books, magazines, and newspapers. This is often the case in joint ventures between academic institutions and industry partners. Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Review of Ethiopia 28 However, the impact of industrial parks on the transfer of technology through linkages and domestic sourcing of inputs is not automatic — neither is it as straightforward as is often assumed. It transforms into a tech giant with worldwide influence.
The advantages and disadvantages of technology transfer
Many inventors start their careers as startups whose business focus is to develop new products and services that can later be used by potential buyers. Material transfer agreements Material transfer agreements MTAs govern the transfer of physical assets and tangible research materials from the provider to the recipient that intends to use them for the purpose of its own research. Since then it has engaged in alliances with United Technologies, apple Computer, Sun Microsystems, Motorola and National Semiconductor, carrier all from the US , Olivetti, Siemens, Rhone-Poulen, Ericsson, and S G Thomson all from Europe. For these startups, the transfer of technology has been in their mind since the first time they establish their business. The USA and UK are the countries with the highest number of publications 35% and 22%, respectively , followed by Italy, Denmark, and Netherlands. It is quite common to see technology users that can develop another more advanced form of transferable technology, effectively transforming them as users into new inventors. The purpose of this article is to gain a better understanding of academia—industry interactions and to explore the conduit of knowledge transfer to bring innovation to market.
Ethiopia has made some progress in the development of domestic productive capacity, supported by massive public investment in infrastructure and domestic demand-driven growth. Abstract The role of knowledge and technology transfer between academia and the industry has received increasing attention in the analysis of innovation. Journal of International Business Studies. Based on the findings from other scholars, we have found the centrality of knowledge embedded in individuals, i. Some technological products might fail to meet their expectation, but most inventions give their users real benefits.
What is Technology Transfer? (Definition and Examples)
Descriptive findings First, the majority of articles we considered were published in the period from 2000 onwards Research Policy 28% and The Journal of Technology Transfer 20%. Technology transfers refer to the transfer of technology from one organization to another. Retrieved 31 Dec 2021. They have a lot of experience in the industry and can provide guidance on the best ways to transfer technology. These three phases are, in turn, affected by technological, organisational and environmental factors.
Channels and processes of knowledge transfer: How does knowledge move between university and industry?
The parties invest their human, physical and financial resources, assets including background intellectual property rights and skills. Sponsored research agreements Sponsored research agreements govern the relationship between a university or research institute and a sponsor, that may be a government body or commercial entity interested in developing scientific results in a particular area of relevance for its business. How the transfer takes place, the policies and incentive schemes used to prompt the transfer and, more importantly, what happens to the technology once it has been transferred are key determinants of the ability of Ethiopia to upgrade its technological capability and acquire the capacity to assimilate and generate new technologies. This was proposed with the intention to clarifying the use of different terminologies and to help converging on a shared view. First, future analyses should be tailored on the revealed multidimensionality of the KT processes. In particular, published literatures seem failing disentangling the actual knowledge transport mechanisms. In addition, the financial returns afforded by a successful product can be reinvested into further research to begin the cycle again.
We have seen these come to fruition with the research advancement of HIV cure, as well as the biggest breakthrough in cardiology since the first hear transplant of a gene that causes early deaths in young athletes. Importers of capital goods are exempted from customs duties and other import taxes. In order to support academic institutions in the development and negotiation of technology transfer contracts, WIPO provides model agreements between academic institutions and industry partners. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Under negotiated conditions a licensing agreement can be terminated and all rights transferred back to the licensor. Systematic reviews are increasingly being adopted in the social sciences as they reduce subjective bias and risks of overlooking relevant literature Publications retrieval process. Both inventors and end-users consider it important to establish rules that define the terms and conditions of this kind of transaction.
This form of knowledge transfer helps ensure that scientific and technological developments are available to a wider range of users who can then help develop or exploit it. Academic spin-off agreements Academic spin-offs or spin-outs are newly-created companies based on a new technology developed by a university or research institution. When the institutions that develop them see their market value or benefit for others, they are then transferred to a potential buyer or beneficiary. Mobile Distribution: The mobile way in which a publisher distribution their content is through the use of mobile devices like iPhones and Android phones. First, being our review centred exclusively on the ways of knowledge transfer, the complex of inter-relational features involving U—I collaborations is revised and employed with a peculiar aim: understanding how different transfer mechanisms coexists and the reasons for their adoption. Joint Venture and Strategic Alliances: Innovation through collaboration is in currency among firms in advanced countries and also between developed and developing countries. Foreign firms have more knowledge of world markets, coordination of production, and distribution in many countries and also manufacturing efficiency.
Science and Public Policy Oxford Academic We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. Foreign Direct Investment FDI : FDI is the most preferred route to transfer newer technology. This type of communication is often more convenient for viewers because it is not through a cable or satellite provider. Papers are heavily refereed. This article aims to explore the scientific literature concerning knowledge transport mechanisms and describe how the topic was organized by previous studies and terminologies applied. To date, KT mechanisms have largely been assumed as uni- rather than multi-directional processes.
Digital Distribution: The digital way in which a publisher distribution their content is through the use of digital platforms such as Amazon, Apple, and Google Play. It is a way to move technology to a new company or to transfer technology to a new project. FDI from developing countries could facilitate technology transfer. Similarly, the share of capital goods in total imports, which indicates the importance attached to technological learning and innovation relative to consumption goods, is one of the highest in Africa. This office gathers information about the nature of the technological inventions, evaluates their usage and possible consequences legal, corporate, etc.
