The consensus model of criminal justice is a theoretical approach that emphasizes the role of social and cultural factors in shaping criminal behavior and the administration of justice. This model contends that crime is not the result of individual pathological or deviant behavior, but rather a product of social and economic inequalities and the ways in which the criminal justice system responds to these issues.
One of the key tenets of the consensus model is the idea that crime is a social construct, rather than an objective reality. This means that what is considered criminal behavior is not necessarily inherent to the act itself, but rather is defined by the values and norms of the society in which it occurs. For example, certain behaviors that may be considered criminal in one culture may be completely acceptable in another.
The consensus model also emphasizes the role of social and economic inequality in driving criminal behavior. Studies have shown that individuals who come from disadvantaged backgrounds, such as poverty or racial discrimination, are more likely to engage in criminal activity. This is often due to a lack of access to resources and opportunities that would allow them to succeed in mainstream society.
The consensus model also focuses on the role of the criminal justice system in responding to crime. According to this model, the system should aim to rehabilitate offenders and address the root causes of crime, rather than simply punishing offenders. This approach is often seen as more effective in reducing recidivism and promoting public safety in the long run.
One of the key criticisms of the consensus model is that it may be too idealistic and fail to take into account the reality of crime and the need for punishment. Some argue that certain types of criminal behavior, such as violent or predatory offenses, require harsher punishment in order to deter future crimes and protect the public.
Overall, the consensus model of criminal justice offers a valuable perspective on the complex factors that shape criminal behavior and the ways in which the justice system responds to it. While it may not be the only approach to addressing crime, it offers an important perspective on the need to consider the social and cultural context in which crime occurs and to seek more effective and rehabilitative approaches to addressing it.
Importance of Biodiversity [Productive values, Aesthetic Significance, Ecological balance & More]
Since all species in an ecosystem are interrelated and dependent on one another, biodiversity has enormous value in the lives of all organisms, particularly for human beings. Biodiversity is considered to have great value on cultural and religious grounds specially in India and East Asian countries. As a result, the total biodiversity contributes to climate stability. Humans consume 40,000 flora and fauna species daily. Thus, the worth of knowing that biological resources exist on this biosphere that could one day prove to be an effective alternative for anything essential in the future is known as the option value. It is beneficial to humans, therefore, for medicinal functions and lots of others, to keep and conserve biodiversity.
Notes on Values of Biodiversity
Most cultured societies have attached great value to the effect that plant and animal beauty have on human mind and emotions. Biodiversity is vital for the ecosystem because it provides regulatory, cultural, and sustaining functions. Velcro, for example, was inspired by cockle-burrs, which stick to our clothing as we walk through the woods. In other words, global natural resources are more valuable than global national products. Biogeochemical cycles, photosynthesis, climate regulation, prevention of soil erosion, pollutant degradation are the phenomena which contribute indirectly to biodiversity. Social and Spiritual Advantages In human history, conservation also means safeguarding nature for its spiritual gifts and protecting sacred places in the regional landscape.
Notes on Productive Use Value of biodiversity
It is concerned with the value of biodiversity in terms of the economic domain. The direct economic value of the natural environment can be separated into two categories: those related to consumption and those involved with the production, or consumptive and productive use-values. The social value of biodiversity includes aesthetic, recreational, cultural and spiritual values. These sacred woods, which surround ancient sacred places and temples, serve as wild plant gene banks. Ethical values differ from place to place, culture to culture, time to time and differ between different components of biodiversity. We use a variety of species in our studies and gain a lot of knowledge from them. Thus, biodiversity has distinct social value, attached with different societies.
Aesthetics of Biological Diversity on JSTOR
It actively supports functioning ecosystems that provide oxygen, pest control, plant pollination, clean air and water, wastewater treatment and a variety of other ecosystem services. These functions keep the biosphere and ecological equilibrium in check. Fundamental Value to Humans Humans place a high value on biodiversity because they rely on it for social, economic, and environmental wellbeing. The opportunities for brand-new medications will be reduced in direct proportion to the extinction of species. Ethical worth Biodiversity must be seen in the light of holding ethical value.
