Theories of emotion. Theories of Emotion: Expressing, Feeling, Acting: Pia Campeggiani: Bloomsbury Academic 2022-11-01
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Emotions are complex psychological and physiological responses to stimuli that can range from positive (e.g., joy, love) to negative (e.g., anger, fear). These responses involve various cognitive, behavioral, and physiological processes that can influence how we think, feel, and behave. Throughout history, there have been numerous theories proposed to understand the nature and function of emotions.
One early theory of emotion is the James-Lange theory, which suggests that emotions are the result of physiological arousal. According to this theory, when we encounter a stimulus that evokes an emotional response, our bodies experience physiological changes (e.g., increased heart rate, sweating) that are then interpreted by our brains as a particular emotion. For example, if we see a snake, our bodies might experience an increase in heart rate and sweating, which our brains interpret as fear.
Another theory of emotion is the Cannon-Bard theory, which suggests that emotions and physiological arousal occur simultaneously. According to this theory, when we encounter a stimulus, the brain processes the stimulus and simultaneously sends signals to the body to experience the corresponding physiological arousal and to the brain to experience the emotional response. This theory challenges the James-Lange theory by suggesting that emotions are not simply the result of physiological arousal, but rather are a combination of cognitive and physiological processes.
A more recent theory of emotion is the Schachter-Singer theory, also known as the two-factor theory. This theory suggests that emotions are the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. According to this theory, when we encounter a stimulus, our bodies experience physiological arousal, but we do not experience a specific emotion until we cognitively interpret that arousal. For example, if we see a snake and experience increased heart rate and sweating, we might interpret that arousal as fear if we are in a situation where a snake would be dangerous, or as excitement if we are at a zoo and know the snake is behind glass.
Another theory of emotion is the cognitive appraisal theory, which suggests that emotions are the result of our cognitive evaluation of a situation. According to this theory, when we encounter a stimulus, we cognitively appraise the situation and then experience the corresponding emotion based on our evaluation. For example, if we see a snake and evaluate the situation as dangerous, we might experience fear. If we see a snake at a zoo and evaluate the situation as safe, we might experience curiosity or interest.
Overall, these theories of emotion highlight the complexity of emotions and the various cognitive and physiological processes that contribute to our emotional responses. While each theory offers a unique perspective on the nature and function of emotions, it is likely that emotions involve a combination of these processes and may vary depending on the individual and the specific emotion being experienced.
Theories of Emotion in Psychology: Quick Guide
As a result, American students identified four types of expression happiness, anger, disgust, sadness from the six. He also suggested that combining the various basic emotions will produce new ones and that there are duality in emotions which is the reason each emotion has a polar opposite. Culture and the categorization of emotions. He proposed that there are three dimensions of emotions which are pleasure to displeasure, arousing to subduing and strain to relaxation. Feelings of fear compel people to fight or flee the source of danger.
Some judgment theorists are, however, more accommodating and allow that the bodily response is properly considered part of the emotion, an effect of the judgments that are made. Theorizing emotions has become an intriguing challenge because of this empirical research. Feelings of love and affection lead people to seek mates and reproduce. Ć Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. A frowned face is likely to be seen in this case. Read more Navigate Down Multimodal big data affective analytics: A comprehensive survey using text, audio, visual and physiological signals Nusrat J. The primary thought in this theory is the idea that emotions occurs as a result of reaction to events, which is majorly psychological.
Theories of Emotions: Notes on 3 Theories of Emotions
The passions: Emotions and the meaning of life 2nd ed. Change to a trait can occur because of natural selection, chance, genetic drift, or because the trait is genetically linked with some other trait. This will generate a feeling more quickly and efficiently, although it may not feel the same as a genuine bodily response 1994, p. Debate I: The Emotions of Others Part II: 4. However, the historical data to prove that a new characteristic replaced a prior one because it improved fitness is frequently lacking.
The appraisal components and the different values that each component can take are motivational state appetitive, aversive , situational state motive-consistent, motive-inconsistent , probability certain, uncertain, unknown , power strong, weak , and agency self-caused, other-caused, circumstance-caused. They researched how 218 undergraduate students reported their use of covert and overt strategies and their reported symptoms associated with selected mental disorders, and found that overt emotional regulation strategies were better predictors of psychopathology than covert strategies. He may experience fear, as an emotion. Most of the theories that will be considered in this section focus on the early part of the emotion process becauseāaccording to these theoriesāthe specific emotion that occurs is determined during this part of the process. Non-Cognitive Theories Non-cognitive theories support the idea that emotions do not include making judgments or assessments. Facial expression recognition is discussed in section 7. So, when you see the venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response.
Kind of emotion Positive emotions Negative emotions Related to object properties Interest, curiosity, enthusiasm Indifference, habituation, boredom Attraction, desire, admiration Aversion, disgust, revulsion Surprise, amusement Alarm, panic Future appraisal Hope, excitement Fear, anxiety, dread Event-related Gratitude, thankfulness Anger, rage Joy, elation, triumph, jubilation Sorrow, grief Patience Frustration, restlessness Contentment Discontentment, disappointment Self-appraisal Humility, modesty Pride, arrogance Social Charity Avarice, greed, miserliness, envy, jealousy Sympathy Cruelty Love Hate The major theories of emotion can be grouped into three main categories: physiological, neurological, and cognitive. It is also generally agreed that emotions have intentional content, which is to say that they are about something, often the stimulus itself. Judgment theories are the version of the cognitive position that have been developed by philosophers. Each emotion type takes the values that its placement in the chart indicates. Understood as a process, it is useful to divide emotion into two parts. Somatic feedback theories suggest that once the bodily response has been generated that is, a change in heart rate, blood pressure, facial expression, and so forth , the mind registers these bodily activities, and this mental state the one caused by the bodily changes is the emotion. C: American Ethnological Society.
Dealing with a group of people requires emotional intelligence since it makes one to know and understand his or her emotions as well as the emotions of others. The idea of AER is that people develop an automatic process that works like a script or schema, and the process does not require deliberate thought to regulate emotions. The eight considered emotions were joy and sadness, acceptance and disgust, fear and anger, surprise and anticipation. This figure illustrates the major assertions of the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Schachter-Singer two-factor theories of emotion. It was the later work of neuroscientists and experimental physiologists who demonstrated further flaws with the James-Lange theory of emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
In chapter 7 you learned that concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. Meyers is a psychology professor at Hope College in Michigan, United States and author of nearly twenty books. Notwithstanding that these experiments confirmed the pancultural patterns of emotion, the study has also shown some cross-cultural differences. Theories of Emotion There are different theories of emotion to explain what emotions are and how they operate. Therefore, I am afraid". All the theories of cognitive assessment share the same fundamental theoretical foundation.
Emotion and memory: The second cognitive revolution. . What are the theories of emotions? The empirical evidence that exists and continues to be collected is one topic that has not been discussed in this article. According to this theory, your emotions exist so you can adapt better to your surroundings. Evolutionary Theories The historical context in which emotions first appeared is the main emphasis of the evolutionary approach. Moreover, emotions appear to serve an important function, which has led many to think that the certain emotions have been selected to deal with particular problems and challenges that organisms regularly encounter. Rather than emotions being something over which you have no control, you can control and influence your emotions Try It Two other prominent views arise from the work of Robert Zajonc and Joseph LeDoux.
