Theories of adolescence. Theories of Adolescence by Rolf E. Muuss 2022-10-19
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Adolescence is a developmental stage that occurs between childhood and adulthood, and is characterized by significant physical, cognitive, and social changes. There are several theories that attempt to explain the processes and experiences that occur during adolescence.
One theory is the cognitive development theory, proposed by Jean Piaget. According to Piaget, adolescents go through a stage of cognitive development called the formal operational stage, in which they are able to think abstractly and logically about complex concepts. They also develop the ability to consider multiple perspectives and engage in hypothetical and deductive reasoning. This cognitive development allows adolescents to engage in more sophisticated forms of problem-solving and decision-making.
Another theory is Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory, which suggests that adolescence is a time of identity versus role confusion. During this stage, adolescents are confronted with the task of developing a sense of self and their place in the world. They may explore different roles and identities, and may experience conflict as they try to balance their desire for independence with their need for acceptance and belonging.
A third theory is the social learning theory, which emphasizes the role of social and environmental influences on development. According to this theory, adolescents learn through observing and interacting with others, and through the reinforcement of certain behaviors. Adolescents may also be influenced by the media and cultural expectations and norms.
Overall, adolescence is a complex and multifaceted period of development that is influenced by a variety of factors, including cognitive, emotional, social, and environmental factors. Understanding these theories can provide insight into the experiences and challenges that adolescents may face, and can inform strategies for supporting their development.
Child and Adolescent Development Theories Free Essay Sample on webapi.bu.edu
This work demonstrates that a theoretical orientation can guide and organize novel TDV research. One is that it is very difficult to test scientifically. During those days, that is the early 1900s, the common and most popular form of media was print. Psychoanalytic theory was highly influential in producing a new method of therapeutic intervention. At the infant stage, children develop scientific tendencies, that is, they use their reflex movements to explore their environment. Adolescence as a period of stress and storm can be traced back as far as writings of Plato and Aristotle. The phallic stage occurs during the preschool years ages 3—5 when the child has a new biological challenge to face.
Vygotsky assumes that learning is an important in the acquisition of cultural and human psychological function. Whereas other approaches to the study of adolescence consider impulsive behavior or risk-taking from the perspective of underdeveloped logical reasoning or the immaturity of the prefrontal cortex, psychoanalytic theory shines a light on the existence of unconscious conflicts and drives that can account for seemingly illogical behaviors. These interactions occur against a backdrop of learning to resolve early biological and social challenges and play a key role in our personality development. The authors of Behavioral and Social Learning Theory have concluded that children and adults are the products of their surroundings. Second, both theorists recognized the importance of nature and nurture as children sought to meet the demands of their environment. Personal Fable My childhood friend, Robert, was passing through another stage of adolescent egocentrism at the time, which led to him developing a personal fable regarding his uniqueness. The infant meets needs primarily through oral gratification.
Alcohol and cigarettes are the most commonly abused drugs by adolescents. Conversely, it has been suggested Steinberg, 1990 that conflict between adolescents and their parents may actually be beneficial to the development of the adolescent, as it promotes the development of individuality and autonomy. This part of the self takes into account the moral guidelines that are a part of our culture. If it's heavy on the psych side of things and includes a little more emphasis on the possibilities of a pathological experience of adolescence than I like, I'm willing to believe that that's as much about what's out there as about Muuss's own ideas. Such a person might be extremely neat and clean, organized, reliable, and controlling of others. Find Out How UKEssays.
While I did become the center of their attention for the whole of ten seconds after being called out by the teacher, they would stop paying attention to whatever I was saying shortly after my introductory paragraph. Research indicates that Piaget simplifies the developmental process by overestimating the invariance of the order of stages. New York: Basic Books. Where in adults, impulses are subject to PFC top-down control, ensuring the completion of long-term goals, planning and inhibition , this is not yet available to adolescents. The language and thought of the child Vol. Important changes in children occur incessantly rather than during transition periods. A few theorists have put together evidence from neurobiology and behaviour to create broader theories of adolescence.
The field of ego-psychology has blossomed as scholars strive to comprehend the transitions in self-other understandings and relationships, considering the extent to which earlier dependencies and identifications are modified, loosened, or rejected Bohleber, 2012. The ego is pulled between the impulses of the id and the restrictions imposed by the superego. This is not without some regret, however. The latter is the widely used version as it is very clear that nearly half of the adolescents are not abstaining. New York: Basic Books.
The psychology of intelligence. When it comes to girls, early maturity often brings negative consequences. We will explore this idea further in our discussion of psychosexual development. This led him to suggest the first purely psychological explanation for physical problems and mental illness. A fixated adult will continue to try and resolve this later in life.
Theories were selected in an iterative manner, by 1 reviewing popular textbooks and seminal works on adolescent development e. From this experience, the boy learns a sense of masculinity. Given these findings, two issues with this approach have emerged. Indeed, current TDV research increasingly recognizes the role of theory. Freud emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping our personality and behavior. Freud began working with patients suffering from hysteria and discovered that when they began to talk about some of their life experiences, particularly those that took place in early childhood, their symptoms disappeared.
What tips or strategies do you have that are based on this science? There are also other factors that can increase the likelihood of teenagers engaging in sexual activities. Freud has been a very influential figure in the area of development; his view of development and psychopathology dominated the field of psychiatry until the growth of behaviorism in the 1950s. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Emotional independence would involve adolescents' freedom from excessive needs for approval and emotional support from the parents Beyers and Goossens, 1999 , whereas cognitive independence would include a belief that one has control over one's own life and an increasing capacity for independent thought Beckert, 2007. Stanley Hall: Theory on Adolescence Stanley is known for being a pioneer in child and education psychology. That is, too much autonomy too early would be especially predictive of behavioral problems. This called into questions the idea of genetic inferiority as a cause of mental illness.
Andrew Collins, in Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology, 2018 Autonomy as Independence In classic adolescent psychological theory, autonomy often is defined as independence or self-reliance, that is, the extent to which one acts, decides, feels or thinks without depending on others e. On a second thought, however, the Robert was evidently trying to get the teacher to pay attention to him and his behavior. Psychologically, the infant is all id. The id is inborn, but the ego and superego develop during the course of our early interactions with others. In each section of this paper, we summarize key points of each theory as they pertain to adolescents, focusing on those tenets that seem most relevant for TDV research. If the caregiver meets oral needs consistently, the child will move away from this stage and progress further.
Life-course persistent criminality is to be expected of adolescents who were troubled way before adolescence. . Therefore, the creation of a personal fable can be considered a part of growing up, yet it is only a stage that has to be passed successfully. Energy that had been used to keep conflicts out of consciousness is now available for more flexible, adaptive coping. Studying links between hormones and negative affect: Models and measures.
