Stages of demographic transition. Stages of Demographic Transition 2022-10-25
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Demographic transition is the process by which a society's population changes over time. It is characterized by shifts in fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. The stages of demographic transition can be divided into four main phases: pre-industrial, transitional, industrial, and post-industrial.
Pre-industrial phase: This is the first stage of demographic transition and is characterized by high fertility and mortality rates. In pre-industrial societies, fertility and mortality rates are high because of a lack of access to modern healthcare and poor living conditions. As a result, the population growth rate is relatively stable, with the number of births and deaths roughly equal.
Transitional phase: This is the second stage of demographic transition and is characterized by a decrease in mortality rates and a subsequent increase in population growth. This phase is marked by improvements in living conditions and healthcare, which lead to a decrease in infant mortality and an increase in life expectancy. As a result, the population begins to grow more rapidly.
Industrial phase: This is the third stage of demographic transition and is characterized by a further decrease in mortality rates and a decrease in fertility rates. In industrial societies, access to education and employment opportunities for women often leads to a decrease in fertility rates as people choose to have fewer children. This, combined with continued improvements in healthcare, leads to a further decrease in mortality rates and an increase in the population growth rate.
Post-industrial phase: This is the final stage of demographic transition and is characterized by low fertility and mortality rates. In post-industrial societies, fertility rates are often below the replacement level, meaning that the population is not growing as rapidly as in previous stages. This is often due to increased access to education, employment opportunities, and modern healthcare, which leads to smaller family sizes and longer life expectancy.
In conclusion, demographic transition is a process that occurs over time and is marked by shifts in fertility, mortality, and population growth rates. Understanding the stages of demographic transition can help policymakers and researchers understand and predict population trends and make informed decisions about the future.
Demographic Transition Model
What countries are in Stage 5? Cities and extensive production facilities also need technical expertise, factory managers, more complex governing systems, legal systems, and associated clerks and lawyers. Since 1982 the same significant tendencies have occurred throughout mainland France: demographic stagnation in the least-populated rural regions and industrial regions in the northeast, with strong growth in the southwest and along the Atlantic coast, plus dynamism in metropolitan areas. During this stage people become conscious about the size of the family and also on limiting the size of the family. The recent changes have mirrored inward changes in Irish society, with respect to family planning, women in the work force, the sharply declining power of the Catholic Church, and the emigration factor. Through a deeper analysis of circumstances that lead to high death rates, demographers often point to the rate of infant mortality and life expectancy as rubrics for determining a high or low death rate. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
However, these gatherings allowed for the spread of disease, sometimes resulting in a spike in population reduction as with plague, smallpox, or influenza epidemics. The observation and documentation of this global phenomenon has produced a model, the Demographic Transition Model, which helps explain and make sense of changes in population demographics. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates, countries in this stage experience a large increase in population. Patterns in the chaos. But, only if you don't know what to look for. Many people also start to prefer smaller families, where they can concentrate more resources on fewer people and increase the overall value of their livelihoods, including increasing luxury goods.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. The case of the Cold War in the late 20th century can provide an impetus for proxy wars and lowered levels of security. In this stage, education is minimal and teaches the next generation the basic knowledge needed to produce familiar crops and livestock and understand how best to survive in the surrounding environment. As a result, population size remains fairly constant but can have major swings with events such as wars or pandemics. At the same time, death rates remain stable and low due to the economic and social changes that improved living standards during the previous stage. Post-Industrial Stage Following the industrial stage is the final stage, referred to as the post-industrial stage, characterized by a stable human population with low birth rates and low death rates due to the economic and social changes of the previous stages.
The industrial stage follows and is characterized by continued population increase despite the declining birth rates and low death rates, which result from increased standard of living and changes in social views. What countries are Stage 3? The government injected enormous sums into developing economic opportunities and expanding the transportation, health, education infrastructure, and electrification, which drove industrialization urban growth. On the other hand, there are areas of the U. The Four-Stage Demographic Transition Model Pre-Industrial Stage The first stage of the demographic transition is the pre-industrial stage. The death rates remain stable and low during this stage due to the continuation of the economic and social changes that improved the standard of living during the previous stage. This engagement led to a severe cultural and political rift, which resulted in the Civil War.
Many of the least developed countries today are in Stage 2. After a lag, the birth rate also falls. In addition to agricultural production, centers of industrial production expand, often to process the raw materials grown on these enlarging farms and ranch areas. These changes lead to the control of diseases, the production of more food, better jobs, and improved medical care and sanitation. During this stage, the birth rates begin to decline for many reasons. So, that's a lot of social change, and as a result, the population growth of stage two tends to level out in stage three.
The second stage is the transition stage, which is when the population begins to increase due to continued high birth rates and declining death rates as a result of an increase in the standard of living. Still, there are a sum of countries that continue in Stage 2 of the Demographic Transition for a range of social and economic reasons, including much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Guatemala, Nauru, Palestine, Yemen and Afghanistan. But to reduce the birth rate, some endogenous factors such as changes in customs, social attitudes, beliefs and dogmas about marriage and also about size of the family etc. The economy's growing complexity requires highly specialized people in their crafts, leading to a need for primary education in reading, writing, and arithmetic so people can manage their properties and farms and function effectively in the marketplace. These countries tend to have stronger economies, higher levels of education, better healthcare, a higher proportion of working women, and a fertility rate hovering around two children per woman.
Stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model is considered the pre-industrial stage, or pre-transition, and today no countries are classified within Stage 1 of the DTM. Native Americans lived in semi-nomadic bands with varying cultural, technological, and economic characteristics depending upon geography and tribal traditions. Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues. In this mixing of stages, proximity to increasing livestock numbers, undeveloped land, unfamiliar diseases, and lack of Western medical resources reduced population, while expanding settlement increased it more quickly. What countries are in Stage 2? What are the 2 revolutions that allowed countries to enter Stage 2? Demographic Transition Theory Stage 4: ADVERTISEMENTS: This stage has been added by famous demographer Prof. This area of study takes into account birth rates, death rates, age distribution, and any other factors that influence the size and growth of a population. The surrounding environment provides what is needed to build a shelter; depending upon what is available, these resources could be timber, sod, mud, or even snow, used in frigid climates.
This increased the efficiency of the new agricultural machines. Many people also start to prefer smaller families, where they can concentrate more resources on less people and increase overall livelihood. What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the DTM? Beginning around 1800, there was a sharp fertility decline; at this time, an average woman usually produced seven births per lifetime, but by 1900 this number had dropped to nearly four. World War I 1915-1918 drove a more significant movement toward industrialization. Death rate is high during this stage for a number of reasons. The spatial demographic expansion of large cities amplifies the process of peri-urbanization yet is also accompanied by movement of selective residential flow, social selection, and sociospatial segregation based on income.
Third, there are better medical facilities like more doctors and hospitals available of preventive and curative medical facilities. Of course the mortality rate is highly variable. The birth rate is lower than the death rate, so their rate of increase is negative. In Stage 1, which applied to most of the world before the Industrial Revolution, both birth rates and death rates are high. On the other hand, there are areas of the U.
The distribution of the French population therefore seems increasingly defined not only by interregional mobility but also by the residential preferences of individual households. Later Expanding Stage: Sharply Falling Birth Rate and Low Death Rate: The third stage is characterised by sharp decrease in birth rate, with death rate remaining constant or falling by small number. Demographic transition is a phenomenon that considers the minimal economic, technological, and social factors that influence the size and growth of populations to other societies with advancements in these areas. Social, environmental, and political action all have severe consequences during this stage in regards to population because the birth rate and death rate are so fragile. The change is often characterized by villages or regions becoming adept at specific crops or livestock or harvesting natural resources, such as timber for various uses beyond shelter or mud for making bricks.
