Positivism and phenomenology in research. (DOC) Positivist and Phenomenological Research in American Public Administration 2022-10-12
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Positivism and phenomenology are two different philosophical approaches that can be applied in research. Positivism is a scientific approach that emphasizes the use of empirical evidence and the application of the scientific method to understand the world. Phenomenology, on the other hand, is a philosophical approach that focuses on the subjective experiences of individuals and the meaning that these experiences hold for them.
Positivism is based on the belief that the world can be understood through objective, scientific methods, and that objective reality exists independently of our perceptions of it. This approach is often associated with the natural sciences, such as physics, biology, and chemistry, where researchers use empirical evidence and the scientific method to understand the world. In positivist research, the researcher's goal is to identify the underlying causes of phenomena and to develop theories that can be tested through experimentation.
Phenomenology, on the other hand, is concerned with the subjective experiences of individuals and the meaning that these experiences hold for them. This approach is often used in the social sciences, such as sociology, anthropology, and psychology, where researchers aim to understand how individuals experience and make sense of the world around them. In phenomenological research, the researcher's goal is to understand the lived experiences of the participants, and to explore the ways in which these experiences shape their understanding of the world.
There are several key differences between positivism and phenomenology. One of the main differences is the focus of the research. Positivist research is focused on understanding objective reality and the underlying causes of phenomena, while phenomenological research is focused on understanding the subjective experiences of individuals and the meaning that these experiences hold for them. Another key difference is the role of the researcher. In positivist research, the researcher is often seen as an objective observer who is detached from the research process, while in phenomenological research, the researcher is seen as an active participant in the research process and is heavily involved in the interpretation of the data.
Despite these differences, both positivism and phenomenology can be useful approaches in research. Positivism is particularly useful in situations where the researcher is looking to understand objective phenomena and identify the underlying causes of these phenomena, while phenomenology is useful in situations where the researcher is looking to understand the subjective experiences of individuals and the meaning that these experiences hold for them. Ultimately, the choice between positivism and phenomenology will depend on the specific research question being asked and the goals of the researcher.
Positivism vs. Phenomenology
It argues that factors, which are not directly observable, such as meanings feelings and purposes, are not particularly important and can be misleading, they therefore, form, reliable quantitative data. The common sense should not be allowed to bias the research findings. For over fifty years, successive waves of critique have underscored that the apolitical character of much of Political Science research betrays the founding mission of the discipline to have science serve democracy. Research Evaluation It is almost impossible to completely exclude research errors. Often many of the theorists lie somewhere in between, some taking views from either side.
Comparison of Positivist and Phenomenological Methods
Simmel considered society to be an association of free individuals and that society could not be studied in the same way as the physical world for example, sociology is more than the discovery of natural laws that govern human interaction. In philosophy terms the difference between phenomenology and positivism is that phenomenology is a movement based on this, originated about 1905 by positivism is a doctrine that states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that such knowledge can only come from positive affirmation of theories through strict scientific method, refusing every form of metaphysics. Class for Marx, is defined as a social relationship rather than a position or rank in society. Sociologists use scientific research methods and theories, and study social life in a wide variety of settings, this offers not only information but also a distinctive way of looking at the world and the position humans play in it. This is because there are vast differences between settings in which positivism is used by researchers. These were used to reflect on the strategies adopted by the banks as well as the impact of Internet banking on the distribution networks, products and services offered by the banks. The interviews lasted an average of 45-60 minutes.
Public administration suffers from the problem of the logical division between facts and values if modernity is seen as the thoughts of logical positivism and instrumental rationalism. The initial phase consisted of secondary data research through journal publications and reviews of the Internet banking web sites offered by some selected local and foreign banks in Singapore. Weber was committed to the study of causality, the probability that an event would be followed by another event not necessarily of a similar nature. The theory of phenomenology can be used in contrast to Positivism as it concerns the question of how individuals make sense of the world around them. Now days in the modern world the market have changes. Kirby et al, 2000 states that positivists believe that only by adopting a position of total objectivity towards the subject matter or phenomena can unbiased knowledge or theories be produced.
Comparison of Positivist and Phenomenological Methods
As argued by Haralambos and Holborn 1995 where Marx was pessimistic about the division of labour in society, Durkheim was cautiously optimistic. It cannot be argued that one of these is better or more relevant than the other. The distinction between positivist and phenomenological approaches is not as clear-cut as this assignment implies. Secondary data are one of the cheapest and easiest mean of access to information. Sociological positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws. What is Phenomenology Phenomenology is the philosophical study that attempts to understand the subjective, lived experiences and perspectives of people.
There is one major ethical concern with this experiment as the subjects were informed that they were required to give electric shocks to other human beings. Every influence from the researcher should be eliminated or minimised. It involves collecting written or verbal information of the variables that the researcher is interested in. His thought was, that society was to have developed from traditional to modern society, through the expansion and development of the division of labour, of course, it is individuals who act, but they do not act on a purely individual basis, they have obligations and duties and are strongly influenced by structure, tradition and the roles of our forefathers. From this perspective, science can be assessed as objective.
Qualitative methods are criticized for being unreliable and unsystematic as there is no way of replicating the study and checking the reliability of the findings. Experimentation This method is similar to simulation in its approach. For example, if a group of people were asked to taste varieties of biscuit and classify each biscuit on a rating scale of one to five, representing strongly dislike, dislike, neutral and so on, a rating of five indicates more enjoyment than a rating of four, illustrating that such data is ordinal. This methodology section …show more content… Interviews using researcher-constructed questionnaires with motorcycle dealers and business entrepreneurs to know the situation of sales, basic marketing strategies, and some recent comments and personal thoughts about the development trend of the future market which could be valuable for further strategies. As stated by Kirby, Kidd, Koubel, Barter, Hope, Kirton, Madry, Manning and Triggs, 2000 , that although not perfect the link between the methodologies is that the structuralist-minded sociologists tended to adopt a positivist approach and social action based sociologists tend to adopt a phenomenological approach. Positivism contains the underlying philosophical assumptions of research in the most pure and applied sciences, physics, chemistry and biology, based on ideas of the objective reality of the physical world, scientific method and empiricism. Question Two With use of examples distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data analysis.
(DOC) Positivist and Phenomenological Research in American Public Administration
Class struggle and owners of production determined economic order. All Answers ltd, 'Research Methodology Phenomenology or Positivism' UKEssays. The present age is after all the age where research and academics is not virgin anymore but is contaminated by the ideologies of the ones who fund research1. Positivism requires a researcher to be objective and independent. The Importance Of Positivism In Education 1255 Words 6 Pages Positivism can be understood as the idea that the methods of the natural sciences should be used to study human and social matters.
Quantitative data is collected from samples and processed to validate the hypothesis. This book addresses these issues through a perspective on the spatial analysis of the built environment. Critically assess the research presented. Positivist researchers tend to use highly structured research methodology in order to allow the replication of the same study in the future. Which story illustrates poor inductive reasoning? There are many definitions of this research method from different authors. It has an external focus and assumes that human actions and behavior are influenced by the external world. There is no one philosophical basis, but phenomenology, which can be seen as the basis for what is the assumption that society can only really be understood through personal actions such as language, feelings and emotions.
