A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that sets out their rights and obligations towards each other. When one party fails to fulfill their obligations under the contract, it can give rise to a legal dispute. In such cases, the parties may seek resolution through the courts, which will apply contract law principles to determine the outcome of the case.
One example of a contract law case study is the case of Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. In this case, the Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. advertised a product called the "Carbolic Smoke Ball" that they claimed could cure influenza and other diseases. The company claimed that they would pay a reward of £100 to anyone who contracted any of the advertised diseases after using the smoke ball according to the instructions.
Mrs. Carlill purchased a smoke ball and used it as instructed, but subsequently contracted influenza. She then claimed the £100 reward, but the Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. refused to pay. Mrs. Carlill brought a legal action against the company, and the case eventually made its way to the Court of Appeals.
The Court held that the advertisement for the smoke ball constituted an offer that could be accepted by anyone who fulfilled the conditions specified in the advertisement, namely using the smoke ball according to the instructions. Mrs. Carlill had accepted the offer by purchasing and using the smoke ball, and the Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. was therefore bound by the contract. The Court ordered the company to pay Mrs. Carlill the £100 reward.
This case illustrates several important principles of contract law, including the concept of an offer and acceptance, the requirement of consideration (i.e., something of value being exchanged between the parties), and the binding nature of a contract once it has been formed. It also shows the importance of clearly stating the terms and conditions of a contract, as the Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. learned the hard way when they were unable to avoid their obligations under the contract despite their initial refusal to pay the reward.
PORIFERA
Spongocoel opens outside through a narrow circular opening called as osculum located at the distal end and it is fringed with large monaxon spicules. These are called collencytes. Larger particles have already been screened out by the small size of the dermal pores and prosopyles. So, although they are multicellular, sponges share few of the characteristics of other metazoan phyla. They have no organs or true tissues, and even their cells show a certain degree of independence. Evans and David J. As mentioned, sponges are diploblastic and only consist of two basic germ layers.
Syconoids are found in classes Calcarea and Hexactinellida. The degree of complexity from simple asconoid to complex leuconoid type has involved mainly the water-canal and skeletal systems, accompanied by outfolding and branching of the collar-cell layer. Leuconoids — most complex, permits an increase in sponge size. Lophocytes secrete large quantities of collagen but are distinguishable morphologically from collencytes. Untitled Document Sponges Evolution of the eukaryotic cell was followed by diversification into many lineages including, modern protozoans, plants, fungi, and animals. Clusters of flagellated chambers are filled from incurrent canals and discharge water into excurrent canals that eventually lead to an osculum.
Ex: Geodia Diplodal type: in some of the sponges, along with aphodas another narrow tube called prosodus is present between incurrent canal and flagellated chamber. Freshwater sponges are widely distributed in well-oxygenated streams where they encrust on plant stems and old submerged pieces of wood. Freshwater sponges tend to be more sedate and not especially colorful. This arrangement gives rise to diplodal type of canal system. Canal System Introduction The water circulatory system of sponges also called as canal system is the characteristic feature of the phylum Porifera. Also, some are not highly branched and have a vase-like form.
The skeletal framework of a sponge may be fibrous or rigid. Once inside the body, water is directed past the choanocytes where food particles detritus, planktonic organisms are collected on the choanocyte collar. Class Demospongiae · Skeleton consists of sponging fibers or siliceous spicules or both; spicules are monoaxon or tetraxon. The third type of cells are known as porocytes. The leuconoid type is considered the major plan for sponges, for it permits greater size and more efficient water circulation. They are characterized by possession of a flagella that is surrounded by a collar. Usually tube shaped,with size essentially limited by body diameter.
Monoaxon spicules are found in A. Dermal ostia B. Gastrial ostia C. S
However, ciliated cells are suspected to play an important role in sensing any form of disturbance. On return of favorable conditions, the archaeocytes exit through the micropyle to form a new sponge. This layer is know as the trabecular reticulum and forms the collar chambers opening to the spongocoel. Types of Skeletons Its skeleton gives support to a sponge, preventing collapse of canals and chambers. Sponges vary in size from a few millimeters to the great loggerhead sponges, which may reach 2 m or more across.
· Leucosolenia reproduces asexually by external budding and sexually by syngamy. Go to Background on understanding old and new phylogenetic relationships of sponges. Unlike most animals, the majority of sponges are asymmetrical. This process has been termed somatic embryogenesis. It is estimated that water enters through some 81,000 incurrent canals at a velocity of 0. Particles too large to enter the collar become trapped in secreted mucus and slide down the collar to the base where they are phagocytized by the cell body.
Although placozoans have been known for about 100 years their biology is poorly known. A single basal granule which gives rise to long whip like flagellum is also found. Pinacocytes Polygonal flat cells 2. Examples: Thenea, Cliona, Spongilla, Myenia, and all bath sponges. Gemmulation in freshwater sponges Spongillidae is thus an adaptation to changing seasons.
Sponges in calm waters may grow taller and straighter than those in rapidly moving waters. Leuconia has more than 2 million flagellated chambers where food collection occurs. Triaxons - Also known as hexactinal spicules, triaxons consists of three axes that cross at right angles resulting in a structure with six rays. The major structural protein in the animal kingdom is collagen, and fibrils of collagen are found throughout the intercellular matrix of all sponges. Incurrent pores, called dermal ostia, have an average diameter of 50 μm. Other sponges are oviparous, and both oocytes and sperm are expelled into the water. The archaeocytes of the gemmule give rise to all the cell types of the new sponge structure.
Also embryonic development of Scypha clearly shows the asconoid pattern being converted into syconoid pattern. The excurrent canals develop as a result of shrinkage and division of spongocoel. They possess six-rayed triaxon siliceous spicules that are commonly formed together into a network creating a glass-like or skeletal structure. While some of the species are more abundant in different parts of the world with a wide biogeographic range E. Leuconoid Sponges Leuconoid is the most complex sponge body plan.
Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct naevus
The classification of sponges is based on spicule form and chemical composition. Did you mean: Reverse dictionary results: 1. The MicroscopeMaster website is for educational purposes only. Sponge Physiology All activities of a sponge depend on the current of water flowing through its body. Megascleres, which are larger in size make up the main supporting framework on the skeleton while microscleres smaller spicules permeate the mesenchyme.
